In South America, first people used obsidian, a kind of volcanic rock, which later upgraded into bronze instruments after the discovery of metal.Ĭharlotte Roberts of University of Durham, England, as told by Lawson explained that surgeons would scrap the skull and remove the layers of bone until breaking through to the brain or until exposing the dura mater. Lawson further explained, variety of techniques was applied. All the processes had to run through trial and error, since little was known about human anatomy. Neither sophisticated surgery method nor well-trained surgeons presented during the war. This is how, as archaeologists said, the surgeons needed to do the trepanation "to remove splinters of skull bone," creating a way for the blood to let out and "relieve pressure from blood clots that formed when blood vessels were broken." Another case of cranium fractures required victims (soldiers) to have an operation. Such weapons were aimed at the head, resulting severe bleeding and blood clots in the cranial arteries. Lawson (2001) discussed that Neolithic wars used a lot of blunt weapons like sling stones and clubs. However, during its development, trephining was found effective during the war. Still with the magical practices, they also applied other medical actions such as blood letting out of the body and finger amputations to get rid of the wicked spirits. This is how it works a part of frontal, parietal, or occipital bones of the skull is removed, to expose the dura mater, the tough fibrous membrane forming the outer envelope of the brain. Since supernatural beliefs was very strong, the cranial drilling was also intended to get rid of evil spirits the only possible causes for psychosis, mental illness, epilepsy and headaches or migraines. Evidences found skulls with holes from the Neolithic European ages, about 7000 years ago. The early surgery practice in Europe was trepanation, drilling a hole in the head. Cancer and degenerative diseases were not relevant at that time. Life expectancy low, then 28-35 years was a successful range of survival. Some common cases recorded were respiratory and digestive problems, infections, and gynecologic disorders. People had strong magic beliefs and connection to multiple gods during the prehistoric time, so that any cases of illness were also believed as the punishments from angry gods for community's or one's moral failure. Schell's lecture: The History of Surgery. The following summary of history of surgery is compiled from various sources based on the timeline set in dr. There was no sophisticated care of hygiene and anatomic knowledge in the early days the basic research was started using trial and error on every case and it had set a very strong basic which still makes sense and counts into modern practice. ¶ … History of Surgery had been started from the prehistoric time with its appropriate technique and tools applicable during the age.
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